n-3 LCPUFAs are structural components of neurons in the brain and eye and have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, and a number of studies have investigated potential benefits of fish or n-3 LCPUFA consumption in early life for neurodevelopmental and atopic outcomes, which are summarized in later sections of this report. These fatty acids can also be concentrated from algal sources, and in this form have been added to infant formula and foods such as milk, yogurt, and pasta and increasingly are taken as supplements. 8 Fish are the primary natural dietary source of DHA and EPA. Humans also can elongate and desaturate short-chain “parent” PUFAs such as linoleic acid, present in nuts and seeds, into long-chain PUFAs, but this process is inefficient and unlikely to result in sufficient levels for optimal health among most individuals. n-3 LCPUFAs are essential nutrients and, as such, must be consumed in the diet. Some fish are a rich source of the omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Milk, whole (with vitamin D supplemented) Tuna (light or skipjack, canned in water) Sardine, Atlantic canned in oil, with bone As a result, any guidance on fish consumption must consider sustainability to protect the viability of fisheries.Īn overview of the report can be found in Box 1. More than 80% of fisheries worldwide are exploited at or above maximum sustainable yield. This report also addresses the sustainability of fish and shellfish choices. However, in instances when such evidence is not available, it will examine prenatal and adult evidence. Whenever possible, it draws on research performed with children. This report provides an overview of the potential risks and benefits associated with childhood consumption of fish and shellfish.
Some guidance is available and accessible to pediatric health care providers or families to assist them with navigating fish and shellfish choices, but most sources focus on consumption by adults or pregnant women, 1 and do not directly address childhood consumption.
Valery Soto, MS, RD, LD – US Department of Agricultureįish and shellfish are, in general, good sources of low-fat protein rich in several essential vitamins and minerals as well as, in certain instances, the essential nutrients omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs). Perrine, PhD – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention de Jesus, MS, RD – National Institutes of HealthĪndrea Lotze, MD, FAAP – Food and Drug AdministrationĬria G. Jeff Critch, MD – Canadian Paediatric Society Mary Ellen Mortensen, MD, MS – CDC/National Center for Environmental Health Hindman, MD, FAAP – Section on Pediatric Trainees Etzel, MD, PhD, FAAP – US Environmental Protection Agencyĭiane E. DeNicola, MD, MSc – American Congress of Obstetricians and Balbus, MD, MPH – National Institute of Environmental Health Jennifer Ann Lowry, MD, FAAP, Chairperson CONTRIBUTORS’ STATEMENT:COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH, 2017–2018
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